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凹槽栅拟势垒 HEMT 的直流特性分析

2025-09-15 21:00:28

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基于 GaAs–AlGaAs–InGaAs–InP 材料体系的拟势垒 HEMT 的直流特性分析,主要包括:

  • 在 DEVEDIT 中构建设备
  • 模拟一组 Id–Vds 曲线
  • 模拟 Id–Vgs 特性
  • 基本器件参数提取

输入文件内容

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# 启动器件结构编辑器,用于构建半导体器件的几何结构、区域划分、掺杂分布、网格划分等
go devedit
# DEVEDIT 的版本号,材料和模型库的版本
DevEdit version="2.1" library="1.15"
# 定义 工作区域 (work area),也就是 器件的二维坐标范围
work.area left=0 top=-0.01 right=4.5 bottom=0.5
# 定义编号为1的区域,材料是 GaAs (砷化镓),color显示颜色对仿真没有影响,填充图案编号(用于 GUI 显示),用一系列顶点坐标定义了该区域的 二维多边形边界。
region reg=1 mat=GaAs color=0xffb2 pattern=0x9 \
points="0,0 1,0 1.1,0 1.5,0.05 0,0.05 0,0"
# 在区域1定义一个编号为1的掺杂分布,掺杂类型为供体 (n型掺杂),
# 掺杂峰值浓度2×10^18 cm⁻³,参考值,用在某些分布函数的归一化中。如果多个掺杂函数叠加,采用乘法组合(而不是加法)
# 浓度分布函数是 常数 (Constant),且边界 rolloff 模式是 both(上下边界都采用相同衰减处理)
impurity id=1 region.id=1 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=2e+18 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
# 采用默认网格划分规则,对区域1的网格进行约束 (mesh constraints):根据全局的 mesh 设置(如最大单元尺寸、边界 refinement 等)来生成网格
constr.mesh region=1 default
# 定义区域2材料等
region reg=2 mat=GaAs color=0xffb2 pattern=0x9 \
points="2.9,0 3.5,0 4.5,0 4.5,0.05 2.5,0.05 2.9,0"

impurity id=1 region.id=2 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=2e+18 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
constr.mesh region=2 default
# 定义的区域3材料等
region reg=3 mat=AlGaAs color=0xffff96 pattern=0x9 \
points="4.5,0.05 4.5,0.08 0,0.08 0,0.05 1.5,0.05 1.75,0.05 2.25,0.05 2.5,0.05 4.5,0.05"

impurity id=1 region.id=3 imp="Composition Fraction X" color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=0.22 ref.value=0 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
impurity id=2 region.id=3 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=5e+15 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
constr.mesh region=3 default

# 定义的区域4材料等
region reg=4 name=delta mat=AlGaAs color=0xffff96 pattern=0x9 \
points="4.5,0.08 4.5,0.081 0,0.081 0,0.08 4.5,0.08"
impurity id=1 region.id=4 imp="Composition Fraction X" color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=0.22 ref.value=0 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
impurity id=2 region.id=4 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=8e+18 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
constr.mesh region=4 default

# 定义的区域5材料等
region reg=5 name=spacer mat=AlGaAs color=0xffff96 pattern=0x9 \
points="0,0.081 4.5,0.081 4.5,0.084 0,0.084 0,0.081"
impurity id=1 region.id=5 imp="Composition Fraction X" color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=0.22 ref.value=0 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
impurity id=2 region.id=5 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=5e+15 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant

constr.mesh region=5 default

# 定义的区域6材料等
region reg=6 mat=InGaAs color=0xffc8c8 pattern=0xa \
points="0,0.084 4.5,0.084 4.5,0.098 0,0.098 0,0.084"

impurity id=1 region.id=6 imp="Composition Fraction X" color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=0.78 ref.value=0 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant

impurity id=2 region.id=6 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=5e+15 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant

constr.mesh region=6 default

region reg=7 mat=AlGaAs color=0xffff96 pattern=0x9 \
points="0,0.098 4.5,0.098 4.5,0.101 0,0.101 0,0.098"
#
impurity id=1 region.id=7 imp=Acceptors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=150000000000000 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
#
impurity id=2 region.id=7 imp="Composition Fraction X" color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=0.22 ref.value=0 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
#
constr.mesh region=7 default

region reg=8 mat=AlGaAs color=0xffff96 pattern=0x9 \
points="0,0.101 4.5,0.101 4.5,0.102 0,0.102 0,0.101"
#
impurity id=1 region.id=8 imp="Composition Fraction X" color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=0.22 ref.value=0 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
#
impurity id=2 region.id=8 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=2e+18 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
#
constr.mesh region=8 default

region reg=9 mat=AlGaAs color=0xffff96 pattern=0x9 \
points="0,0.102 4.5,0.102 4.5,0.14 0,0.14 0,0.102"
#
impurity id=1 region.id=9 imp=Acceptors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=100000000000000 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
#
impurity id=2 region.id=9 imp="Composition Fraction X" color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=0.22 ref.value=0 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
#
constr.mesh region=9 default

region reg=10 name=GaAs mat=AlGaAs color=0xffb2 pattern=0x9 \
points="0,0.14 4.5,0.14 4.5,0.5 0,0.5 0,0.14"
#
impurity id=1 region.id=10 imp=Acceptors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=0 y1=0 y2=0 \
peak.value=100000000000000 ref.value=1000000000000 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y=Constant \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x=Constant
#
constr.mesh region=10 default

region reg=11 name=source mat=Gold elec.id=1 work.func=0 color=0xe5ff pattern=0xb \
points="0,0 0,-0.01 1,-0.01 1,0 0,0"
#
constr.mesh region=11 default

region reg=12 name=drain mat=Gold elec.id=2 work.func=0 color=0xe5ff pattern=0xb \
points="3.5,0 3.5,-0.01 4.5,-0.01 4.5,0 3.5,0"
#
constr.mesh region=12 default

region reg=13 name=gate mat=Gold elec.id=3 work.func=0 color=0xe5ff pattern=0xb \
points="1.75,0.05 1.75,0 2.25,0 2.25,0.05 1.75,0.05"
#
constr.mesh region=13 default


impurity id=1 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=0 x2=1 y1=0 y2=0.08 \
peak.value=5e+21 ref.value=1e+20 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y="Gaussian (Dist)" conc.param.y=0.048 \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x="Error Function" conc.param.x=0.02
impurity id=2 imp=Donors color=0x906000 \
x1=3.5 x2=4.5 y1=0 y2=0.08 \
peak.value=5e+21 ref.value=1e+20 comb.func=Multiply \
rolloff.y=both conc.func.y="Gaussian (Dist)" conc.param.y=0.048 \
rolloff.x=both conc.func.x="Error Function" conc.param.x=0.02
# 设定全局的基础网格,生成网格时,默认单元的纵向大小为 0.1 μm,横向大小为 0.25 μm。
base.mesh height=0.1 width=0.25

bound.cond !apply max.slope=28 max.ratio=300 rnd.unit=5e-05 line.straightening=1 align.points when=automatic

imp.refine min.spacing=0.02
#
constr.mesh max.angle=90 max.ratio=3000 max.height=1 \
max.width=1 min.height=0.0001 min.width=0.0001
#
constr.mesh type=Semiconductor default
#
constr.mesh type=Insulator default
#
constr.mesh type=Metal default
#
constr.mesh type=Other default
#
constr.mesh region=1 default
#
constr.mesh region=2 default
#
constr.mesh region=3 default
#
constr.mesh region=4 default
#
constr.mesh region=5 default
#
constr.mesh region=6 default
#
constr.mesh region=7 default
#
constr.mesh region=8 default
#
constr.mesh region=9 default
#
constr.mesh region=10 default
#
constr.mesh region=11 default
#
constr.mesh region=12 default
#
constr.mesh region=13 default

# Perform mesh operations
#
Mesh Mode=MeshBuild
refine mode=y x1=0.068 y1=0.0123 x2=1.48 y2=0.038
refine mode=y x1=2.492 y1=0.0106 x2=4.402 y2=0.044
refine mode=y x1=0.106 y1=0.0089 x2=1.511 y2=0.0414
refine mode=y x1=2.515 y1=0.0046 x2=4.357 y2=0.0405
refine mode=x x1=1.571 y1=0.0568 x2=2.417 y2=0.334
refine mode=x x1=0.084 y1=0.0063 x2=0.891 y2=0.3477
refine mode=x x1=3.602 y1=0.0055 x2=4.41 y2=0.3383
refine mode=y x1=0.038 y1=0.0414 x2=1.563 y2=0.0457
refine mode=y x1=2.454 y1=0.0397 x2=4.448 y2=0.044
refine mode=y x1=0.076 y1=0.0551 x2=4.455 y2=0.2887
refine mode=y x1=0.031 y1=0.0524 x2=4.425 y2=0.074
refine mode=y x1=0.068 y1=0.0516 x2=4.44 y2=0.0761
refine mode=y x1=0.023 y1=0.0768 x2=4.463 y2=0.0787
refine mode=y x1=0.084 y1=0.106 x2=4.47 y2=0.1829
refine mode=y x1=0.061 y1=0.1044 x2=4.47 y2=0.1344
refine mode=y x1=0.046 y1=0.1036 x2=4.433 y2=0.1053
refine mode=y x1=0.061 y1=0.0862 x2=4.433 y2=0.0966
refine mode=y x1=0.038 y1=0.0856 x2=4.433 y2=0.0961
refine mode=x x1=1.556 y1=0.0499 x2=2.462 y2=0.2322

imp.refine min.spacing=0.02
constr.mesh max.angle=90 max.ratio=3000 max.height=1 \
max.width=1 min.height=0.0001 min.width=0.0001

constr.mesh type=Semiconductor default
#
constr.mesh type=Insulator default
#
constr.mesh type=Metal default
#
constr.mesh type=Other default


base.mesh height=0.1 width=0.25

bound.cond !apply max.slope=28 max.ratio=300 rnd.unit=5e-05 line.straightening=1 align.Points when=automatic


structure outf=hemtex05_0.str
# 器件模拟
go atlas
title GaAs-AlGaAs-InGaAs Pseudomorphic HEMT simulation

# 加载deveit中生成的结构…
# 在DEVEDIT后运行,不需要网格语句,注销
#mesh infile=hemtex05_0.str master.in
contact name=gate workfunction=4.55

material material=GaAs align=0.6
material material=AlGaAs align=0.6
material material=InGaAs align=0.6 mun0=12000 mup0=2000 vsat=2.e7 \
taun0=1.e-8 taup0=1.e-8

models material=GaAs consrh conmob fldmob evsatmod=0 print
models material=AlGaAs consrh conmob fldmob evsatmod=0 print
models material=InGaAs srh fldmob evsatmod=0 print

solve init
save outf=hemtex05_1.str
tonyplot hemtex05_1.str -set hemtex05_1.set

output con.band val.band flowlines
# Apply a set of biases at the gate and save solutions
solve vgate= 0 outf=hemtex05_A_0.bin
solve vgate=-0.2 outf=hemtex05_Ag-02.bin
solve vgate=-0.4 outf=hemtex05_Ag-04.bin
# Calculate ID-VD characteristic at zero gate bias
load inf=hemtex05_A_0.bin

log outf=hemtex05_1.log

solve outf=hemtex05_A_0.str master
solve vdrain=0.02
solve vdrain=0.05
solve vdrain=0.1 vstep=0.1 vfinal=2.0 name=drain
save outf=hemtex05_Ad2.str master
# Calculate ID-VD characteristic at VG=-0.2
load inf=hemtex05_Ag-02.bin
log outf=hemtex05_2.log

# 用前一次求解的结果作为初始解进行当前求解
solve prev
solve vdrain=0.02
solve vdrain=0.05
solve vdrain=0.1 vstep=0.1 vfinal=2.0 name=drain
save outf=hemtex05_Ad2g-02.str master
# Calculate ID-VD characteristic at VG=-0.4
load inf=hemtex05_Ag-04.bin
log outf=hemtex05_3.log

solve prev
solve vdrain=0.02
solve vdrain=0.05
method itlimit=10 trap atrap=0.5 maxtrap=8
solve vdrain=0.1 vstep=0.1 vfinal=2.0 name=drain
save outf=hemtex05_Ad2g-04.str master

# Calculate ID-VG characteristics at VD=2.0 V
# Simultaneously apply small signal perturbation to get AC parameters

load inf=hemtex05_Ad2.str master

log outf=hemtex05_4.log master

solve vgate=0 vstep=-0.1 vfinal=-1.5 name=gate ac freq=1e6
save outf=hemtex05_Ad2g_15.str master


extract init inf="hemtex05_4.log"

extract name="Vt" (xintercept(maxslope(curve(v."gate",i."drain"))))

# Maximum saturation current
extract name="Idss" max(i."drain")

# Gate voltage Vg@Idss*0.3 at Id=0.3Idss
extract name="Vgs@0.3Idss" x.val from curve (v."gate", i."drain") where y.val=$"Idss"*0.3

# Maximum gate-source capacitance
extract name="Cgs_max" max(abs(c."gate""source"))

# Gate-source capacitance at Vg=0
extract name="Cgs_Vgs0" y.val from curve (v."gate", abs(c."gate""source")) where x.val=0.0

# Gate-source capacitance at Id=0.3Idss
extract name="Cgs_Vgs@0.3Idss" y.val from curve (v."gate", abs(c."gate""source")) where x.val=$"Vgs@0.3Idss"

# Maximum transconductance
extract name="Gm_max" max(abs(g."drain""gate"))

# Transconductance at Vg=0
extract name="Gm_Vgs0" y.val from curve (v."gate", abs(g."drain""gate")) where x.val=0.0

# Transconductance at Id=0.3Idss
extract name="Gm_Vgs@0.3Idss" y.val from curve (v."gate", abs(g."drain""gate")) where x.val=$"Vgs@0.3Idss"
# Displaying the results

# Plot ID-VD characteristics

tonyplot -overlay hemtex05_1.log hemtex05_2.log hemtex05_3.log -set hemtex05_log.set


# Plot ID-VG characteristic
tonyplot hemtex05_4.log -set hemtex05_log1.set

quit

输入文件的第一部分在 DEVEDIT 中构建 HEMT 的几何结构、材料区域、掺杂分布和电极。所考虑的结构是 非平面、带有非矩形凹槽栅的结构,展示了 DEVEDIT 生成任意形状几何结构的重要能力。

器件基于 GaAs 衬底,采用 双通道 HEMT 概念:InGaAs 通道夹在两个 AlGaAs 区域之间。结构中还在通道上下的 AlGaAs 层中引入了 两层 δ 掺杂(脉冲掺杂),建模时采用厚度约 10 Å 的窄层。δ 掺杂通常用面密度 (cm⁻²) 表示,需要根据层厚换算为体掺杂浓度 (cm⁻³)

δ 掺杂在现代 HEMT 技术中非常关键,用于向通道提供额外载流子,并改善阈值电压及其他器件参数的控制。源极和漏极帽区采用 GaAs。在实际器件中,源/漏电极合金通常会深入到通道以下。建模时在源/漏下方区域引入重掺杂,垂直方向掺杂分布设为高斯型,水平方向近似为互补误差函数。DEVEDIT 提供了指定任意二维掺杂分布的函数手段。AlGaAs (Al 含量 0.22) 和 InGaAs (Ga 含量 0.78) 的组分比例在 DEVEDIT 中通过区域属性定义。网格则通过设定基本约束并在关键区域沿 x/y 方向细化自动生成。

DEVEDIT 会生成两类文件:输入文件结构文件。前者可在 DeckBuild 中运行以生成结构文件(并作为输入文件的第一部分附带)。后者则可直接由 Atlas 在 MESH 语句中调用。需要注意的是,DEVEDIT 输入文件可像普通输入文件一样编辑,可以修改掺杂类型与数值、调整区域尺寸,更重要的是,DEVEDIT 输入文件也能直接在 DEVEDIT 图形界面中加载,以便使用菜单选项修改结构。

在 Atlas 中的仿真从读取 DEVEDIT 生成的结构开始。DeckBuild 提供了 DEVEDIT 与 Atlas 的自动接口,因此结构可以直接传递,无需在输入文件中显式写 MESH 语句(示例中该语句被注释掉)。若没有该接口,则必须用 MESH 语句手动加载结构和网格

理解输入代码

  • bound.cond !apply max.slope=28 max.ratio=300 rnd.unit=5e-05 line.straightening=1 align.points when=automatic
    
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    - 控制 **边界条件和网格生成规则** 的一条设置语句
    - **`bound.cond`**
    指定网格边界条件 (boundary conditions) 与控制参数。主要用于保证网格质量、避免过度倾斜或尺寸突变
    - **`!apply`**
    表示该条件**尚未应用**(这是 DEVEDIT 语法的一种标记,带 `!` 的参数通常是一个逻辑开关,用户可修改后启用)
    - **`max.slope=28`**
    限制网格边界的 **最大斜率变化**(即相邻网格线的角度差不超过 28°)。
    目的:避免生成过于尖锐或扭曲的单元。
    - **`max.ratio=300`**
    限制相邻网格单元的 **尺寸比**,即长宽比或相邻单元大小的比例不超过 300
    目的:防止出现极度细长的网格单元。
    - **`rnd.unit=5e-05`**
    定义 **网格坐标的最小舍入单位**(这里是 5×10⁻⁵ μm)。
    作用:保证数值精度,避免浮点误差导致的非对齐。
    - **`line.straightening=1`**
    启用 **网格线拉直功能**,让网格边界尽量光滑,减少锯齿状。
    - **`align.points`**
    表示在生成网格时尝试 **对齐关键点**(如区域交界、掺杂边界、电极边界)。
    - **`when=automatic`**
    设置触发条件为 **自动**,即由 DEVEDIT 在网格生成过程中自动判断是否应用上述约束。

    - ```
    imp.refine min.spacing=0.02
    - **`imp.refine`** 表示针对 **掺杂分布 (impurity regions)** 进行网格加密。 由于掺杂浓度可能变化很剧烈(尤其是 delta 掺杂、结区过渡区),需要更密集的网格来捕捉电势和载流子分布。 - **`min.spacing=0.02`** 定义在加密区域内,网格点之间的最小间距为 **0.02 μm**。 即使其他地方的网格较稀疏,在掺杂梯度显著的区域,DEVEDIT 也会强制插入足够的网格点,使网格细化到 0.02 μm。
  • extract init inf="hemtex05_4.log"
    
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    - `extract init`:初始化提取过程(告诉提取工具从哪里开始读取数据)。
    - `inf="hemtex05_4.log"`:指定输入文件,也就是 `.log` 文件,通常是由 `solve` 计算生成的运行日志文件,里面包含了电压、电流、能带、电荷分布等数值结果。

    - ```
    extract name="Vt" (xintercept(maxslope(curve(v."gate",i."drain"))))
    - **`extract name="Vt"`** 定义提取的参数名为 **Vt**(阈值电压)。 - **`curve(v."gate", i."drain")`** 指定曲线:横坐标是 **栅压 (v."gate")**,纵坐标是 **漏电流 (i."drain")**。 → 也就是从仿真结果(log 文件或 runset 中的 IV 数据)里取出 **Id–Vg 曲线**。 - **`maxslope(...)`** 在这条曲线上寻找 **斜率最大的点**,即曲线最陡的地方。 → 对应 **最大跨导 gm**。 - **`xintercept(...)`** 通过该点的切线外推,求其与 **横轴 (Vg 轴)** 的交点。 → 这个交点的 Vg 值就定义为 **阈值电压 Vt**。

模拟结果Id-Vds 和 Id-Vgs

净掺杂浓度 漏极电压/电流 对比
hemtex05_1 hemtex05_2 hemtex05_3